Abstracts - VGB PowerTech Journal 3/2004
The Baltic Market – Vision and Reality
C.-E. Nyquist
The countries around the Baltic Sea as also the power companies have a long tradition in trade and contacts. BALTREL was created for promoting a common electricity market in the Baltic Sea Region in 1998. The Baltrel vision is to create a common open electricity market. Besides BALTREL, the Gas companies in the region have created an own organisation, BALTIC GAS. The vision for the industry is clear – to work towards a more open and a common energy market.
Technical Implementation of CO2 Emissions Trading
S. Bockamp
The upcoming CO2 Emissions Trading is affecting the discussion in the utility and the industry sector since the end of 2001. The question whether the single installation is affected by the Emissions Trading or how far it might be excluded from Emissions Trading was displaced by the discussion concerning the Allocation Plan during the last year. The content of the EU Emissions Trading Directive and its conversation to legislation in Germany is briefly presented.
Emission Trading - Effects of the EU Directive
E. Meller
The EU-Directive on "Establishing a Scheme for Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading within the Community" came into force after it had been published in the Official Journal of the EU. The electricity industry has pursued carefully and constructively the development of this Directive. A number of suggestions were taken into consideration. Currently, the focus - in connection with the adaptation by national legislation - is on the development of a national allocation plan.
Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash: Environmental and Recycling-Related Properties
H. Riedel
Re-utilisation of municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash in civil engineering requires compliance with quality standards defined in terms of bulk and leachate concentrations. In addition, solid phase properties comparable to natural construction materials are necessary. Addressing the perspectives and possible constraints of bottom ash recycling, this study includes the results of laboratory analyses, a field leaching experiment, and a survey of several construction projects in which MSWI bottom ash was used as a grounding material.
Process for Determining the Volume Stability of Refuse Incineration Ashes
K. Mesters
According to a survey among the refuse incineration plants in Germany, about 2.7 million t of raw ash accumulated in the year 1999. About 1.5 million t of refuse incineration ash was available for utilisation in road and building construction. Road construction was the most significant utilisation area with a rate of about 55%. Within the framework of a research project of the VGB Research Foundation together with the recycling association, it is planned to develop a laboratory method for testing the volume stability of refuse incineration ash for use as a backfilling material.
Ground Water Protection in Connection with Waste Utilisation and Product Application
M. Böhme
According to the principle of concern, the ground water is not to suffer any harmful changes. The concept "Principles of the precautionary ground water protection in connection with waste utilisation and product application", developed by the state group water, concretises this principle of concern. The principle of precaution is being realised by adhering to the values in the material to be deployed. The paper describes the GAP principle and its boundary conditions as well as its meaning for the development of technical rules.
New Operating System for Unit 7 of EnBW's Heilbronn Cogeneration Plant
A. Schievink, W. Heidrich, H.-J. Tewinkel
Unit 7 of EnBW's Heilbronn cogeneration plant is a hard-coal-fired intermediate-load generating unit, equipped with ABB's decentralized, digital process control system, PROCONTROL P. In 2001, EnBW awarded ABB a contract to completely upgrade the central control room for Unit 7 with VDU operating technology and at the same time enable all of the auxiliary control systems to be monitored and operated from the central control console.
Remote Expert Center - Maximized Process Control System Availability with Reduced Maintenance Costs
B. Leichs, A. Dobbertin
In advanced process control systems like TELEPERM XP faults occur very rarely, but their rectification demands comprehensive know-how. The Siemens Remote Expert Center offers a cost-optimized solution through the centralized availability of expert know-how and the deployment of knowledge-based databases together with advanced data communications technology.
Emergency Diesel: Safety-Related Instrumentation and Control with Programmable Logic Controllers
G. Breidenich, M. Lüdtke, E. Baumann, Th. Engelmayer
This report presents a new concept for the design of emergency diesel equipment protection circuits as a part of the safety related instrumentation in the nuclear power plant Biblis, units A and B. The concept was implemented with state of the art SIMATIC S7/316 programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and can be adapted to any system with high availability requirements (e.g. power plant turbines, aircraft engines, mining pumps etc).
A New Procedure to Determine the Bypass Operation Pressure Setpoint in Thermal Power Generation Units
G. Mathias
During the start, rundown, and load changing process as well as during an emergency operation of a thermal power generation unit, its bypass station is usually involved in controlling and limiting the pertinent plant pressures. Their corresponding pressure controllers need certain setpoint values. A new procedure to generate the pressure setpoints has been devised. The pressure set point determination is based on a simple binary logic selection process that ends up at discrete pressure set point values as a sole function of the overall state of the thermal unit plant.
Wet Stack Application: Chimney Operation without flue gas reheating after FGD
M. Breddermann, P. Noakowski, J. Lenz
The "Dreizehnte Verordnung zur Durchführung des Bundes-Immissionsschutzgesetzes" (13. BImSchV) dated in 1983 [01a.] is in process of being amended. In the new edition there is no the requirement anymore to keep the flue gas temperature above 72°C at the chimney mouth. This will lead to abolition of the flue gas reheating after FGD with some consequences discussed.
An Experimental Study of In-Furnace Processes and Dynamic Behavior of a 235 MWe CFB Boiler
F. Johnsson et al.
In a project funded by the 5th Framework Programme of the European Union, a 235 MWe Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler is investigated with respect to in-furnace processes and dynamic response to load changes. The purpose of the project is to assess the insufficiently known features of large-scale CFB boilers. The paper describes the measurement techniques and provides examples of results obtained from the in-situ measurements and from the dynamic response study.
Operating Experiences with Modified Gas Turbine Components
J. H. G. Mattheij
Gas turbine hot section components are subjected to numerous types of stress and attack. The base materials that are used must fulfill many, sometimes conflicting requirements that often have to be compromised. The paper describes a number of modifications and the reasoning that led to their development. The results of the metallographical investigation of a modified guide vane after 24,000 equivalent operating hours are presented.
Remarkable Combustion Chamber Damage in 5 MW Gas Turbines - Phenomenon or Normal Damage?
H. Stadler
After approx. 12,500 hours of operation, the GT1200 at the Kuantan site in Malaysia failed during steady-state operation because of too high exhaust gas temperature following a rapid rise in the exhaust gas temperature spread. The dismantling and reassembly work, as well as restarting the machine subsequent to its repair, were therefore carried out entirely by the operator, using our own personnel as well as temporary staff.