Bücher

Power plants are not functioning to the fullest 100 % of the time. Maintenance and inspection of some components require them to be off-line in time, however, this can be planned such that customers continue receiving power from the electrical grid, steam or district heating from other plants. Unplanned outages due to failures or external conditions may cause surprises and can lead to situations in which the demand is not satisfied at short term at large costs.

Durch das IT-Sicherheitsgesetz in Verbindung mit dem BSI-Gesetz, der KRITIS-Verordnung (Verordnung zur Bestimmung Kritischer Infrastrukturen nach dem BSI-Gesetz (BSI-Kritisverordnung – BSI-KritisV)) und dem IT-Sicherheitskatalog nach § 11 Absatz 1b EnWG (Energiewirtschaftsgesetz) müssen Betreiber Kritischer Infrastrukturen in einem komplexen Verfahren im Rahmen einer knapp bemessenen Zeitspanne nachweisen, dass sie Informationssicherheitsmanagementsysteme nicht nur implementiert sondern auch zertifiziert haben. Hinzu kommt, dass die von unabhängigen Dritten durchgeführten Prüfungen jährlich wiederholt werden.

ABSTRACT

With more stringent emission limits with time, including NOx and N₂O, and due to the high costs of secondary measures for NOx emissions reduction, knowledge of primary NOx and primary N₂O is very important. With this knowledge, primary NOx and primary N₂O can be reduced at low costs and in this way costs for secondary measures are much reduced as well. By applying the knowledge presented, the project costs of a CFBC plant can be lower than those of a PFC plant.

Knowledge regarding primary NOx and primary N₂O, and their models, is useful for operators of PFC and CFBC regarding the influence of (the change of):

• Fuel, with PFC and CFBC
• Lambda, with PFC and CFBC
• Temperature, with CFBC
• Addition of limestone to the bed, with CFBC.

Knowledge regarding primary NOx and primary N₂O, and their models, is useful for suppliers of boilers, burners, etcetera, regarding the influence of (the change of):

• Design, with PFC and CFBC
• Fuels and fuel flexibility, with PFC and CFBC
• Conversion of the boiler for other fuels, with PFC and CFBC
• Developing assisting systems / software, with PFC and CFBC
• Temperature, with CFBC
• Addition of limestone to the bed, with CFBC.

With this thesis, the mathematical models of primary NOx of CFBC, primary NOx of PFC and primary N₂O of CFBC were improved. The models are based on chemical aspects, such as thermodynamics, kinetics and reaction mechanisms.

The aim of this “Best Practices” study is to identify the approaches taken by the German power industry for building and operating coal-based power plants and to compile these in one place. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the aspects that are important in all phases of a power plant lifecycle. Existing best practices and guidelines are referenced.